Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of 0.05% cyclosporine A in the treatment of dry eye / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of 0.05% cyclosporine A(CsA)in the treatment of dry eye.METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, Chinese Bio-Medical Literature Database, CNKI, VIP, and Wan Fang Database were retrieved. Randomized controlled trials related to the treatment of dry eye with 0.05%CsA from January 1, 2016 to March 28, 2022 in each database were included. The CsA group was treated with 0.05% CsA eye drops, and the control group was treated with artificial tears and placebo. ReMan 5.3 was used for Meta-analysis of post-treatment Schirmer Ⅰ test(SⅠt), break up time(BUT), corneal fluorescein staining(CFS), ocular surface disease index(OSDI)and adverse effects.RESULTS: A total of 13 literatures were included, which included 1 164 cases(2 057 eyes). Compared with the control group, the SIt in the CsA group was prolonged(MD=2.04, 95%CI: 1.75～2.33, P<0.00001), BUT was longer(MD=1.32, 95%CI: 0.87～1.76, P<0.00001), CFS decreased(MD=-0.79, 95%CI: -1.20～-0.39, P=0.0001)and OSDI decreased(MD=-5.52, 95%CI: -9.14～-1.91, P=0.003). However, the CsA group had more adverse reactions(OR=1.69, 95%CI: 1.06～2.72, P=0.03).CONCLUSION: 0.05% CsA can improve the subjective symptoms and various objective indicators of dry eye patients. However, 0.05% CsA seems to produce more adverse effects, like ocular burning sensation when compared to drugs such as artificial tears.

Effects of Rehmanniae Radix and Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata on proteomics and autophagy in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus induced by high-fat diet coupled with streptozotocin / 中国中药杂志

To compare the pancreatic proteomics and autophagy between Rehmanniae Radix-and Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata-treated mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). The T2DM mouse model was established by high-fat diet coupled with streptozotocin(STZ, intraperitoneal injection, 100 mg·kg~(-1), once a day for three consecutive days). The mice were then randomly assigned into a control group, low-(5 g·kg~(-1)) and high-dose(15 g·kg~(-1)) Rehmanniae Radix groups, low-(150 mg·kg~(-1)) and high-dose(300 mg·kg~(-1)) catalpol groups, low-(5 g·kg~(-1)) and high-dose(15 g·kg~(-1)) Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata groups, low-(150 mg·kg~(-1)) and high-dose(300 mg·kg~(-1)) 5-hydroxymethyl furfuraldehyde(5-HMF) groups, and a metformin(250 mg·kg~(-1)) group. In addition, a normal group was also set and each group included 8 mice. The pancreas was collected after four weeks of administration and proteomics tools were employed to study the effects of Rehmanniae Radix and Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata on protein expression in the pancreas of T2DM mice. The expression levels of proteins involved in autophagy, inflammation, and oxidative stress response in the pancreatic tissues of T2DM mice were determined by western blotting, immunohistochemical assay, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the differential proteins between the model group and Rehmanniae Radix/Rehmanniae Radix Prae-parata group were enriched in 7 KEGG pathways, such as autophagy-animal, which indicated that the 7 pathways may be associated with T2DM. Compared with the control group, drug administration significantly up-regulated the expression levels of beclin1 and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin(p-mTOR)/mTOR and down-regulated those of the inflammation indicators, Toll-like receptor-4(TLR4) and Nod-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3), in the pancreas of T2DM mice, and Rehmanniae Radix showed better performance. In addition, the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2), and heine oxygenase-1(HO-1) in the pancreas of T2DM mice were down-regulated after drug administration, and Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata demonstrated better performance. The results indicate that both Rehmanniae Radix and Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata can alleviate the inflammatory symptoms, reduce oxidative stress response, and increase the autophagy level in the pancreas of T2DM mice, while they exert the effect on different autophagy pathways.

Research progress on fear of dementia / 四川精神卫生

The purpose of this article is to review the research progress on fear of dementia， and to provide references for clinical treatment and nursing care. Fear of dementia is a widespread problem for adults， and adults with high degrees of fear were more likely to develop adverse psychological consequences， including aggravation of anxiety and depression， decreased inclination toward health-promoting behaviours， avoidance of medical treatment， and suicidal ideation. At present， domestic and foreign studies have mainly focused on the current situation and influencing factors of fear of dementia. Therefore， this article gives a review on the fear of dementia in terms of its concept， incidence， impact， influencing factors， assessment tools and intervention measures， with a view to provide a reference for the subsequent studies.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by quetiapine poisoning: a case report / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Quetiapine is a psychotropic drug. Excessive use of quetiapine may lead to drowsiness, blurred vision, respiratory depression, hypotension and extrapyramidal reactions. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is rare due to overdose of quetiapine. On 14 February 2020, a patients with coma, respiratory arrest and hypotension due to overdose of quetiapine were admitted to our hospital. After receiving mechanical ventilation、plasma adsorption and anti-inflammatory treatment, the patient's consciousness turned clear, the machine was successfully removed and extubated, and the patient's condition was improved and discharged from hospital. We analyzed the clinical data of the patient with quetiapine poisoning, and discussed the clinical symptoms and chest CT characteristics of ARDS caused by quetiapine poisoning, in order to improve the understanding of quetiapine poisoning and improve the success rate of rescue.

Effect of Guilu Erxiangao on Alzheimer's Disease and Its Mechanism Based on Kidney-brain Correlation / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect and mechanism of Guilu Erxiangao on Alzheimer's disease （AD） model rats induced by hydrocortisone and amyloid β-protein（Aβ） based on the theory of kidney-brain correlation. MethodIntraperitoneal injection of hydrocortisone and intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ were performed to induce AD in rats， and different concentrations of Guilu Erxiangao were used for intervention. The indexes of hippocampus， kidney and adrenal gland were measured， and the spatial learning and memory ability of AD rats was observed by Morris water maze experiment. The levels of testosterone （T） and corticosterone （CORT） in serum samples were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （LC-MS） was used to collect and analyze the serum metabolic data of model rats. The active components and corresponding targets of Guilu Erxiangao were collected using Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform（TCMSP）， a Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular mechANism of Traditional Chinese Medicine （BATMAN-TCM） and Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Database（TCMID）. GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man （OMIM） were retrieved to obtain AD-related targets， and protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed to perform gene ontology （GO）and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analysis. The expression level of interleukin-6 （IL-6） in the hippocampus of rats was detected by Western blot. ResultCompared with the model group， the low-， medium- and high-dose groups of Guilu Erxiangao exhibited significantly increased hippocampus index， kidney index and adrenal gland index， reduced CORT levels in serum and down-regulated IL-6 levels in hippocampal tissues. According to the results of water maze experiment， as compared with the model group， the platform crossing times of rats was significantly increased in the low- and high-dose groups of Guilu Erxiangao， with evidently prolonged distance traveled in quadrant Ⅲ （%） and time in quadrant Ⅲ （%）. A total of 24 serum differential metabolites associated with AD were identified by LC-MS， and 50 high-frequency common compounds and 187 high-frequency common targets for AD treatment were screened by network pharmacology method. Results demonstrated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases（PI3K）/protein kinase B（Akt） signaling pathway plays an important role in the complex AD pathological mechanism. ConclusionGuilu Erxiangao can significantly improve the cognitive dysfunction of AD model rats induced by hydrocortisone and Aβ， reduce serum CORT levels and IL-6 levels in hippocampal tissues， and regulate the metabolic level， which provides a reference for its clinical application.

China experts' consensus on preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatments of malocclusions of children / 华西口腔医学杂志

Malocclusion is one of the three most common oral diseases reported by World Health Organization(WHO). In China, its incidence rate is rising. Malocclusion seriously affects the dental and maxillofacial function, facial appearance and growth development of nearly 260 million children in China, and what is more, it affects their physical and mental health development. Malocclusion occurrence is related to genetic and environmental factors. Early treatment of malocclusion can create a good dental and maxillofacial development environment, correct abnormal growth and control the adverse effects of abnormal genetic factors. It can effectively reduce the prevalence of children's malocclusion and enhance their physical and mental health. This is an urgent need from the economic perspective of our society, so it has great practical and social significance. Experts from the project group "standard diagnose and treatment protocols for early orthodontic intervention of malocclusions of children" which initiated by China National Health Institute of Hospital Administration wrote the "China Experts' Consensus on Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontic Treatments of Malocclusions of Children", which aims to guide and popularize the clinical practice, improve the clinical theory and practice level, and accelerate the disciplinary development of early treatment of children's malocclusion in China. The consensus elaborates the harmfulness of malocclusion and the necessity of early treatment, and brings up the principles and fundamental contents. Based on the law of dental and maxillofacial development, this paper puts forward the guiding suggestions of preventive and interceptive treatments in different stages of dental development ranging from fetus to early permanent dentition. It is a systematic project to promote and standardize the early treatment of malocclusion. Through scientific and comprehensive stratified clinical practice and professional training, the clinical system of early treatment of malocclusion in China will eventually be perfected, so as to comprehensively care for children's dental and maxillofacial health, and improve their oral and physical health in China.

Establishment of high-resolution bioassay profiling platform to screen α-glucosidase inhibitors from Malus hupehensis / 药学学报

italic>α-Glucosidase inhibitors play an important role in the treatment of diabetes. This study established a high-resolution bioassay profiling platform for rapidly screening α-glucosidase inhibitors in natural product extracts. Five α-glucosidase inhibitors were identified from Malus hupehensis, namely, 3-hydroxyphloridzin, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, phloridzin, avicularin and quercitrin. The establishment and successful application of this platform provides a powerful tool for the efficient discovery of anti-diabetic active ingredients in complex systems.

Rehmanniae Radix and Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata improve diabetes induced by high-fat diet coupled with streptozotocin in mice through AMPK-mediated NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway / 中国中药杂志

This study investigated the differential mechanisms of Rehmanniae Radix and Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata in improving diabetes in mice through AMPK-mediated NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. The diabetic mouse model was established with high-fat diet coupled with streptozotocin(STZ, intraperitoneal injection, 100 mg·kg~(-1), once a day for three consecutive days), after which the mice were randomly divided into model group, low-dose(5 g·kg~(-1)) and high-dose(15 g·kg~(-1)) Rehmanniae Radix groups, low-dose(5 g·kg~(-1)) and high-dose(15 g·kg~(-1)) Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata groups, catalpol group(250 mg·kg~(-1)), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF) group(250 mg·kg~(-1)), metformin group(250 mg·kg~(-1)), with the normal group also set. The organ indexes of heart,liver, spleen, lung, kidney and pancreas were calculated after four weeks of administration. The pathological changes and fibrosis of pancreas, kidney and liver in mice were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining and Masson staining. Western blot was used to determine the expression levels of Toll-like receptor-4(TLR4), nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB), Nod-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3),interleukin-1β(IL-1β), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK), phosphorylated AMPK(p-AMPK) in the pancreas, kidney and liver of mice. Compared with the model group, the administration groups witnessed significant decrease in the liver,spleen, kidney, pancreas and fat indexes of diabetic mice, and there was no significant difference in heart and lung indexes. The pathological states and fibrosis of pancreatic, kidney and liver tissues were significantly improved after administration. Additionally, the expression levels of TLR4, NF-κB and NLRP3 in pancreas, kidney and liver of diabetic mice were significantly lowered. The expression levels of p-AMPK/AMPK were enhanced significantly in kidney and liver of mice in Rehmanniae Radix group while in pancreas, kidney and liver in Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata group. This suggests that Rehmanniae Radix and Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata differ in the mechanism of regulating energy metabolism of multiple organs and thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects to alleviate symptoms of diabetic mice.

Short-Term Efficacy and Safety Profile of Generic Bortezomib in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the short-term efficacy and safety of generic bortezomib in the treatment of Chinese patients with multiple myeloma (MM).@*METHODS@#Clinical data of 62 MM patients (median age of 62 years) who had accepted at least 2 cycles of chemotherapy based on generic bortezomib in our center from December 2017 to July 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, including 47 newly diagnosed patients and 15 with disease recurrence or progression.@*RESULTS@#Anemia, renal dysfunction, hypoproteinemia and high level of β @*CONCLUSION@#The disease severity can be rapidly alleviated after generic bortezomib-based chemotherapy, and a favorable short-term efficacy and survival have been observed with a generally acceptable toxicity profile. However, the long-term outcomes will be examined through further follow-up.

Quality Value Transmitting of Substance Benchmark of Xiebaisan / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:Based on fingerprint， index component content and dry extract yield， a quality evaluation method for substance benchmark of Xiebaisan was established to study the key quality attributes， to explore the quantitative transfer relationship between decoction pieces and substance benchmark， and to preliminarily formulate the quality standard of substance benchmark of Xiebaisan. Method:The substance benchmark of Xiebaisan was prepared according to the records of ancient formulas， fingerprints of 15 batches of decoction pieces and substance benchmarks were collected by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） and the index components were determined with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid solution for gradient elution. The dry extract yield， fingerprint similarity and transfer rate of index components were combined to study the quantity value transmitting. Result:Ten characteristic peaks were identified in fingerprint of the substance benchmark and two characteristic peaks from stir-fried Mori Cortex， four characteristic peaks from baked Lycii Cortex， four characteristic peaks from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle. Mulberroside A， liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid were used as index components for the determination， the contents of mulberroside A， liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid in substance benchmark of Xiebaisan were 2.69%-4.26%， 0.09%-0.17% and 0.09%-0.16%， and their transfer rates were （31.37±4.14）%， （36.12±4.03）% and （12.25±0.88）%， respectively. The similarity of fingerprint of substance benchmarks was good， the fingerprint similarities of 14 batches of substance benchmarks and control fingerprint were >0.9. The dry extract yield of substance benchmark of Xiebaisan ranged from 8.09% to 11.29%. Conclusion:The established quality evaluation method of substance benchmark of Xiebaisan is scientific and reasonable， and the transfer process of decoction pieces to substance benchmarks is stable and controllable. The preliminary quality standard of the substance benchmark can provide basis and reference for the development of modern preparations of Xiebaisan in the future.

Change of BMI in catch-up growth of low birth weight infants aged 0-24 months / 上海预防医学

Objective To investigate the changes and characteristics of body mass index (BMI) of low birth weight infants during catch-up growth within 24 months of life. Methods Using the birth cohort method, 126 low birth weight children (birth weight less than 2 500 g) among the registered and permanent born in Jiading District from January 2016 to December 2016, were enrolled in the study voluntarily.According to the calculation of birth weight and gestational week, 73 children were included in the preterm appropriate for gestational age group and 53 in the full-term small for gestational age group.105 children with gestational age of 37-41 weeks and birth weight of 2 500-3 999 g were included as the control group.The differences of BMI mean and standard deviation were compared between 0-24 months old in three groups, and the changes of BMI curve analyzed between 0-24 months old in boys and girls. Results ① There were 231 infants investigated, who were composed by 111 boys and 120 girls; ② The BMI of the two groups of low birth weight infants at birth and at 2 months old were lower than those of the control group.There was no significant difference between the BMI of preterm appropriate for gestational age group and the control group since the age of 4 months.The BMI of the term small for gestational age group was less than the other two groups between 4 and 18 months of age, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05);③ The BMI index of the three groups showed a rapid rise after birth.It peaked at 4-6 months of age, and the BMI value of 7-9 months of age began to fall.Preterm appropriate for gestational age group infants caught up with the BMI of normal-weight infants at 6 months of age.Until the age of 24 months, the BMI of small for gestational age group was still different from normal weight infants, but the difference between the three groups decreased.The rising curves of BMI between boys and girls were similar, but the peak of preterm appropriate for gestational age group girls was lengthened. Conclusion There is a significant catch-up growth for low birth weight infants aged 0-24 months, having a similar trend of normal infants in the late stage.It is necessary to deliver proper breeding education and intervention to the low birth weight infants in their early stages.

Quantification of Chinese yam processing methods based on pyrolysis characteristics and its relation to Maillard reaction / 中草药·英文版

Objective: Chinese yam (Shanyao in Chinese, SY) as one of the representatives for Chinese medicines can be used as both of medicine and food with rich nutritional and medicinal value. Most of Chinese herbal medicines need to be processed prior to be used in clinical practice. SY was divided into Maoshanyao (Hairy Shanyao, MSY) and Guangshanyao (Smooth Shanyao, GSY) based on different processing methods at the place of origin, and it also could be processed as stir-fried SY and bran stir-fried SY to meet the different clinical use. Moreover, during the processing of Chinese herbal medicines, more complicated Maillard reaction occurs compared to food processing. Therefore, the objective of this research is to quantify the firepower of SY processing, and combined this with the relevant parameters of Maillard reaction. Methods: The MSY and GSY produced in Shanxi and Henan Provinces were chosen as the research objects. By using thermal analysis technology, we first established the correlation between pyrolysis and processing of SY and its mixtures. We also quantified the firepower of Shaoyao processing, and combined this with the relevant parameters of Maillard reaction (pH value, amino acid, and 5-HMF) and the changes in medicinal ingredients (allantoin). Results: The SY was mainly fried with moderate-fire (190 °C−200 °C), and the starting temperatures of different SY–ingredient mixtures were (176.3 ± 5.33) °C for (honey) bran, and (205.9 ± 8.05) °C for rice. The upper limits of processing temperature were (289.9 ± 6.47) °C for (honey) bran and (298.9 ± 1.15) °C for rice. The cooking time was (10.80 ± 1.76) min for soil stir-fry, (10.31 ± 1.06) min for bran stir-fry, and (8.43 ± 0.68) min for rice stir-fry. Moreover, the pH values and the content of 5-HMF were increased (P < 0.001), while the content of glycine was decreased significantly (P < 0.001) after processing. Conclusion: The results verified and quantified the firepower of traditional processing of SY, and also provided scientific reference for other studies related to SY processing.

Effects and mechanism of natural product gochnatiolide A on proliferation and apoptosis of human prostate cancer DU145 cells / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the effects and mechanism of gochnatiolide A from Ainsliaea in anti-prostate cancer. Methods: The activities of gochnatiolide A on the proliferation of DU145 cells were tested by CCK-8 and colony formation experiments. Apoptosis morphological changes of cells were observed by DAPI staining. The apoptosis and cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry. The expressions of cleaved Poly ADP ribose polymerase (cleaved-PARP), cleaved cystein-containing aspartate specific protease 9 (cleaved Caspase-9), tumor suppressor protein (p53), b cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), transcription factors-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) and IκB kinase α, β (IKKα, IKKβ) proteins in DU145 cells were investigated by Western blotting. Results: The natural product gochnatiolide A significantly inhibited the proliferation of prostate cancer DU145 cells, with IC50 values of 4.15, 2.80 and 1.74 μmol/L at 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h, respectively. Meanwhile, gochnatiolide A promoted DU145 cells apoptosis and induced cell cycle arrest at G2 and S phases in a concentration dependent manner. In addition, gochnatiolide A also up-regulated apoptosis proteins cleaved-PARP, cleaved Caspase-9 and p53 proteins, and down-regulated Bcl-2 protein. Comparing the control group, the expression of NF-κB p65, IKKα and IKKβ proteins in the NF-κB pathway were decreased after treatment with gochnatiolide A. Conclusion: The natural product gochnatiolide A remarkably inhibited the proliferation and promoted apoptosis in DU145 cells, and the possible mechanism was related to the inhibition of NF-κB pathway.

Analysis of Mechanism of Phytolaccae Radix and Its Processed Products on Doxorubicin-induced Nephropathy in Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To compare the protective effect of Phytolaccae Radix and its processed products on nephropathy induced by doxorubicin (DOX) in rats, and explore its mechanism. Method: A rat model of nephropathy was established by a single tail intravenous injection of DOX hydrochloride. Content of esculentoside A (EsA) in Phytolaccae Radix and its processed products was determined by HPLC-ELSD. Contents of serum total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), total cholesterol (TC) and urine protein (UP) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA and protein expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in renal tissue of rats was examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Result: A single intravenous injection of DOX could induce a severe nephrotic syndrome associated with decreased serum TP, Alb and elevated serum BUN, SCr, TC, and a high urinary excretion of protein (Pβ in renal tissue of model group rats was significantly higher than that of blank group (PPPConclusion: Phytolaccae Radix and its processed products can improve the symptoms of DOX nephropathy model rats in different degrees, among which the vinegar prepared products have the strongest effect, and this effect may be related to the reduction of TGF-β expression in renal tissue.

Effect of Decocting Containers on Content of Sinapine and HPLC Specific Chromatograms of Sinapis Semen Decoction / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To compare the effect of four kinds of decocting containers on the content of sinapine and the HPLC specific chromatograms of Sinapis Semen decoction,so as to optimize decocting container for the development of classical formulas. Method: Selecting four kinds of decoction vessels,named traditional casserole,ceramic pot,round-bottom flask and stainless-steel pot as the research object,the content of sinapine in Sinapis Semen decoction and its HPLC specific chromatograms were used as indexes to investigate the influence of different decoction vessels on the decoction.Similarity evaluation of specific chromatograms was performed by the "Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine"(edition of 2004A). Result: The contents of sinapine in the decoction prepared by traditional casserole,ceramic pot,round-bottom flask and stainless-steel pot were 0.04%,0.07%,0.84% and 0.97%,respectively.Compared with specific chromatograms of the decoction prepared by traditional casserole,the similarities of specific chromatograms of the decoction prepared by ceramic pot,round-bottom flask and stainless-steel pot were 0.98,0.82 and 0.68,respectively.Compared with specific chromatograms of the decoction prepared by ceramic pot,the similarities of specific chromatograms of the decoction prepared by round-bottom flask and stainless-steel pot were 0.79 and 0.62,respectively.Compared with specific chromatograms of the decoction prepared by round-bottom flask,the similarity of specific chromatograms of the decoction prepared by stainless-steel pot was 0.97. Conclusion: The content of sinapine and HPLC specific chromatograms of Sinapis Semen decoction obtained from different decocting containers are quite different.

Effects of mild hypothermia on calmodulin expression and brain edema in the brain tissue of rats with traumatic brain injury / 医学研究生学报

Objective Mild hypothermia (MHT) can effectively protect the brain in traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study was to investigate the effects of MHT on the calmodulin (CAM) expression and brain edema in the rat model of TBI. Methods Ninety adult SD rats were randomly divided into a sham operation, a normal temperature and an MHT group of equal number. Immediately after TBI, the rats of the MHT group maintained at a rectal temperature of (32 ± 0.5) °C for 6 hours. Modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) were obtained from 6 rats in each group at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after modeling, and the rest of the animals subjected to brain MRI at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours and then killed for determination of the CAM gene transcription and protein expression in the brain tissue by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results The mNSSs were significantly higher in the MHT and normal temperature groups than in the sham operation control (P < 0.05) at all time points, neurological severity markedly decreased in the MHT group compared with the normal temperature group (P < 0.05). At 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours, the expression of CAM mRNA was remarkably down-regulated in the MHT group (1.83 ± 0.19, 1.72 ± 0.12, 1.59 ± 0.06 and 1.60 ± 0.07) in comparison with the normal temperature group (2.76 ± 0.25, 2.49 ± 0.18, 2.04 ± 0.14 and 1.65 ± 0.09) (P < 0.05), even lower in the MHT than in the normal temperature group (P < 0.05), but higher in both of the two groups than in the sham operation group (P < 0.05). At 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours, the volume of brain edema was significantly reduced in the MHT group ([32.14 ± 4.52], [36.52 ± 4.10], [42.10 ± 4.38] and [46.25 ± 5.02] mm3) as compared with the normal temperature group ([48.56 ± 5.35], [53.13 ± 6.31], [59.23 ± 6.82] and [62.35 ± 7.25] mm3) (P < 0.05). Conclusion Mild hypothermia can improve the neurological function and reduce the CAM expression and brain edema in the brain tissue of rats with traumatic brain injury, which may be related to the neuroprotective effect of mild hypothermia.

Blood-cooling and hemostasis effects of Rehmanniae Radix before and after carbonizing / 中国中药杂志

To compare the blood-cooling and hemostasis effects of Rehmanniae Radix before and after carbonizing on rats with blood heat and hemorrhage syndrome. The blood heat and hemorrhage syndrome rat model was established. Indexes including rectal temperature,whole blood viscosity,plasma viscosity,thrombin time(TT),activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT),prothrombin time(PT),fibrinogen content(FIB),red blood cell(RBC),hemoglobin(Hb),hematocrit(HCT),blood platelet count(PLT),mean platelet volume(MPV),serum IL-1,serum IL-6 and lung histopathology were detected to investigate the blood-cooling and hemostasis effects of Rehmanniae Radix and its carbonized products. Compared with the blank control group,the rectal temperature was significantly increased with rise of the high,middle and low whole blood viscosities and plasma viscosity(P<0.05); both the high and low whole blood restore viscosity and the high and low whole blood relative viscosity were increased significantly(P< 0.05); TT,APTT and PT were notably prolonged with the increase in FIB content(P<0.05); RBC,Hb and HCT increased significantly(P< 0.05); concentrations of serum IL-1 and IL-6 were also increased(P< 0.05) in model group. Additionally,obvious hemorrhages in lung and stomach were observed in rats of the model group. Rehmanniae Radix and its carbonized products can significantly reduce rectal temperature,high middle and low whole blood viscosities and plasma viscosity(P<0.05). TT and APTT were shortened,with lower expression of FIB in group of Rehmannia Radix and its carbonized products. Hemorrhages of lung and stomach were improved by Rehmannia Radix and its carbonized products. The results indicated that Rehmannia Radix before and after carbonizing had the hemostasis and blood-cooling effects by promoting coagulation,improving blood rheology and inhibiting expressions of IL-1 and IL-6.

Hyperbaric oxygen improves functional recovery of rats after spinal cord injury via activating stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXC chemokine receptor 4 axis and promoting brain-derived neurothrophic factor expression / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a worldwide medical concern. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the protective effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) against SCI-induced neurologic defects in rats via exploring the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) axis and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).@*METHODS@#An acute SCI rat model was established in Sprague-Dawley rats using the Allen method. Sixty rats were divided into four groups (n = 15 in each group): sham-operated, SCI, SCI treated with HBO (SCI + HBO), and SCI treated with both HBO and AMD3100 (an antagonist of CXCR4; SCI + HBO + AMD) groups. The rats were treated with HBO twice a day for 3 days and thereafter once a day after the surgery for up to 28 days. Following the surgery, neurologic assessments were performed with the Basso-Bettie-Bresnahan (BBB) scoring system on postoperative day (POD) 7, 14, 21, and 28. Spinal cord tissues were harvested to assess the expression of SDF-1, CXCR4, and BDNF at mRNA and protein levels, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and histopathologic analysis.@*RESULTS@#HBO treatment recovered SCI-induced descent of BBB scores on POD 14, (1.25 ± 0.75 vs. 1.03 ± 0.66, P < 0.05), 21 (5.27 ± 0.89 vs. 2.56 ± 1.24, P < 0.05), and 28 (11.35 ± 0.56 vs. 4.23 ± 1.20, P < 0.05) compared with the SCI group. Significant differences were found in the mRNA levels of SDF-1 (mRNA: day 21, SCI + HBO vs. SCI + HBO + AMD, 2.89 ± 1.60 vs. 1.56 ± 0.98, P < 0.05), CXCR4 (mRNA: day 7, SCI + HBO vs. SCI, 2.99 ± 1.60 vs.1.31 ± 0.98, P < 0.05; day 14, SCI + HBO vs. SCI + HBO + AMD, 4.18 ± 1.60 vs. 0.80 ± 0.34, P < 0.05; day 21, SCI + HBO vs. SCI, 2.10 ± 1.01 vs.1.15 ± 0.03, P < 0.05), and BDNF (mRNA: day 7, SCI + HBO vs. SCI, 3.04 ± 0.41 vs. 2.75 ± 0.31, P < 0.05; day 14, SCI + HBO vs. SCI, 3.88 ± 1.59 vs. 1.11 ± 0.40, P < 0.05), indicating the involvement of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in the protective effect of HBO.@*CONCLUSIONS@#HBO might promote the recovery of neurologic function after SCI in rats via activating the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis and promoting BDNF expression.

Preliminary investigation on processing mechanism of Kansui Radix by liquorice based on thermal analysis technology / 中国中药杂志

In the thermal analysis, the pyrolysis characteristics of crude Kansui Radix, alcohol extract of Kansui Radix, petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract, ethyl acetate extract, n-butanol extract, and licorice vinegar were analyzed with simulated air (N₂-O₂ 4:1) as the carrier gas, at a temperature increase rate of 10 °C·min⁻¹ and a volume flow rate of 60 mL·min⁻¹, respectively. The results showed that due to the different polarity of the extraction solvent, the type and quantity of the chemical components contained in each polar part were different, and with the increase in the amount of solid powder of licorice, the peak of the maximum heat loss rate occurred in advance. For petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions, (157.40±1.06), 3.50, (25.83±1.66) °C in advance respectively, but the weight loss rate of the chloroform fraction was increased by (2.62±5.19) °C, while decreased by (33.90±1.72), (19.28±1.11) °C for the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions. So we can conclude that with the addition of licorice, the pyrolysis rate of the petroleum ether and chloroform fractions in the toxic part of Kansui Radix was increased; the temperature point at the peak of the maximum weight loss rate was decreased, and the ethyl acetate fraction (effective part) showed a decrease in temperature rising process, but its overall ratio of weight loss and weight loss rate were relatively small, retaining the effect of medicinal ingredients. This proved the mechanism of licorice system Kansui Radix on attenuating toxicity after processing and the scientificity and rationality of licorice system Kansui Radix. At the same time, as the proportion of glycyrrhizin was increased, the peak of the maximum heat loss rate of petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions occurred in advance; the peak temperature was decreased, with easy pyrolysis. Among them, the thermogravimetric rate of the mixture of petroleum ether and chloroform fractions (10:1) was relatively large, with a low peak temperature, while ethyl acetate fraction showed opposite results. This conclusion has certain guiding significance for the ratio of gansui to licorice.

A study on effect of Shenfu injection on early postoperative cognitive function and brain derived neurotrophic factor in patients with burns / 中国中西医结合急救杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of Shenfu injection on early post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in patients with burns. Methods Fifty-six patients with burns and ready to receive surgical treatment of scars admitted to Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from July 2015 to January 2017 were enrolled, and they were divided into a control group and a Shenfu group by random number table, 28 cases in each group. The regimen of anesthesia induction before operation and anesthesia maintenance in the operation in two groups was the same, and the patients in Shenfu group received intravenous drip of Shenfu injection 40 mL at 0.5 hour before surgery. The Mini-mental State Examination Scale (MMSE) was used to evaluate the cognitive function after surgery, and MMSE score reduction of > 2 scores was recognized as cognitive impairment after operation;patient's pain degree was evaluated by using visual analogue scale (VAS); the levels of serum BDNF were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 0.5 hour before operation, immediately after operation, and 12 hours, 1 day, 3 days after operation. Results The MMSE scores were significantly decreased in the two groups after surgery, but decreasing degree of the MMSE scores in Shenfu group were significantly slower than those of the control group (1 day after surgery was 22.8±2.9 vs. 20.5±3.2, 3 days after surgery was 25.6±3.1 vs. 23.2±3.0, both P < 0.05). The incidence of POCD in the Shenfu group was significantly lower than that of the control group [7.1% (2/28) vs. 42.9% (12/28), P < 0.05]. The VAS scores were significantly higher in the two groups after surgery, but there was no significant difference between the two groups at each time point (all P > 0.05). The serum BDNF levels were significantly increased in two groups at immediate post-operation and 12 hours after surgery compared with those 1 day before operation, in addition, the BDNF level in Shenfu group was obviously higher than that in the control group (mg/L: 13.5±4.2 vs. 9.9±3.3, 11.4±3.5 vs. 9.1±3.2, both P < 0.05), the serum BDNF levels in two groups returned to their preoperative levels on 1 day and 3 days after surgery (all P > 0.05). Conclusion The Shenfu injection can reduce the incidence of early POCD in patients with large area burns and its mechanism may be related to the increase of BNDF expression.